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Geography
South America’s third-largest country after Brazil and Argentina, Peru is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil and Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. The Peruvian population is estimated at 27 million inhabitants. The capital is Lima and the official language is Spanish. The country’s total surface area covers 1 285 216 km2, with a very varied geography. It is usually divided into three main regions: the coast, which mainly consists of an immense desert flanked by mountains; the Sierra, an area covered by the Andes mountain range; and the Selva, land of the Amazon River and home to the Peruvian Amazon rainforest.
Stretching for more than 2000 km, the coast takes the shape of an immense desert trapped between the mountains and the Pacific Ocean, with a few pockets of fertile valleys fed by rivers flowing from the Andes that are usually covered in clouds. Though the coast only makes up for 10% of the country’s total surface area, more than half of the population lives here.
Known as the Sierra, the mountainous region covered by the Andes range takes up close to a third of the country’s total area. With an altitude of 6768 meters, the Huascarán is the country’s highest peak and the third highest in South America.
The Selva is a region covered with the luxuriant tropical vegetation of the Amazon River basin, home to the country’s largest natural reserves. It is the country’s largest area (60% of the total area) but is paradoxically the least populated, mainly due to the soils’ poor quality.
