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Geography
Mexico’s total surface area covers almost 2 million km2 – about 4 times the size of France. Sitting between Central America and North America, it is bordered on the north and east by the United States (for 3300 km), on the east by the Caribbean Sea, on the south by Belize (250 km) and Guatemala (960 km), on the west by the Pacific Ocean. It is the third-largest country in Latin America, after Brazil and Argentina.
Mexico is a mountainous country, with a mostly hilly topography: it is said that only one third of the territory consists of slopes whose incline is less than 10%. Beyond 10%, agriculture becomes very complicated. Half the country is more than 1500 meters high! Mexico is the world’s largest official capital, with an altitude of more than 2000 meters.
The northern part of the country is dominated by two large mountain ranges whose average altitude rises to 2200 meters: the Sierra Madre Occidental, along the Pacific coast, and the Sierra Madre Oriental, along the Gulf of Mexico.
Between these two mountain ranges lies a vast plateau whose altitude ranges from 1000 to 2000 meters: the Mexican altiplano. The climate is generally dry, creating vast semi-desertic landscapes dotted with cacti.
As they continue southbound, the Sierra Madres collide with a volcanic range that stretches 900 km from the Atlantic to the Pacific in central Mexico. A virtual fortress separating North and Central America! East of the range rises the country’s highest peak, Orizaba (5747 m).
Generally dry, the pacific coast generally gets lots of sunshine. An extension of the Texas plain, a vast coastal plain borders the Gulf of Mexico. Less crowded than the Pacific coast, this area is covered with citrus groves and fields sprinkled with water hyacinths as far as the eye can see.
At its southern tip, Mexico rises like the tail of a mermaid, creating a completely different landscape: the Yucatan peninsula, ancestral land of the Mayas. This vast calcareous area is flat and almost completely devoid of any surface water. The turquoise waters of the Caribbean Sea lie east.
